εἴρω

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ěː.rɔː/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ro/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ro/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ro/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ro/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Hellenic *héřřō, from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, put together”).

Verb

εἴρω • (eírō) first-singular present indicative

to tie, join, fasten, string together
to insert

Inflection

Lua error: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

Imperfect: εἶρον, εἰρόμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	εἶρον	εἶρες	εἶρε(ν)	εἴρετον	εἰρέτην	εἴρομεν	εἴρετε	εἶρον
middle/ passive	indicative	εἰρόμην	εἴρου	εἴρετο	εἴρεσθον	εἰρέσθην	εἰρόμεθᾰ	εἴρεσθε	εἴροντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Lua error: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

Aorist: ἔρσᾰ, ἐρσᾰ́μην (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔρσᾰ	ἔρσᾰς	ἔρσε(ν)	ἔρσᾰτον	ἐρσᾰ́την	ἔρσᾰμεν	ἔρσᾰτε	ἔρσᾰν
	subjunctive	ἔρσω, ἔρσωμῐ	ἔρσῃς, ἔρσῃσθᾰ	ἔρσῃ, ἔρσῃσῐ	ἔρσητον	ἔρσητον	ἔρσωμεν	ἔρσητε	ἔρσωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἔρσαιμῐ	ἔρσαις, ἔρσαισθᾰ, ἔρσειᾰς	ἔρσειε(ν), ἔρσαι	ἐρσεῖτον	ἐρσείτην	ἐρσεῖμεν	ἐρσεῖτε	ἐρσεῖεν
	imperative		ἔρσον	ἐρσᾰ́τω	ἔρσᾰτον	ἐρσᾰ́των		ἔρσᾰτε	ἐρσᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ἐρσᾰ́μην	ἔρσω	ἔρσᾰτο	ἔρσᾰσθον	ἐρσᾰ́σθην	ἐρσᾰ́με(σ)θᾰ	ἔρσᾰσθε	ἔρσᾰντο
	subjunctive	ἔρσωμαι, ἐρσώμαιμῐ	ἔρσηαι, ἔρσηαι	ἔρσηται, ἐρσήταισῐ	ἔρσησθον	ἔρσησθον	ἐρσώμε(σ)θᾰ	ἔρσησθε	ἔρσωνται
	optative	ἐρσαίμην	ἔρσαιο	ἔρσαιτο	ἔρσαισθον	ἐρσαίσθην	ἐρσαίμε(σ)θᾰ	ἔρσαισθε	ἐρσαίᾰτο
	imperative		ἔρσαι	ἐρσᾰ́σθω	ἔρσᾰσθον	ἐρσᾰ́σθων		ἔρσᾰσθε	ἐρσᾰ́σθων
		active			middle
infinitive		ἔρσαι/ἐρσᾰ́μεν/ἐρσᾰμέναι			ἔρσᾰσθαι
participle	m	ἔρσᾱς			ἐρσᾰ́μενος
	f	ἔρσᾱσᾰ			ἐρσᾰμένη
	n	ἔρσᾰν			ἐρσᾰ́μενον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

ἀνείρω (aneírō)
διείρω (dieírō)
εἰρήνη (eirḗnē)
ἐνείρω (eneírō)
ἐξείρω (exeírō)
ἕρμα (hérma)
Λαέρτης (Laértēs)
συνείρω (suneírō)

References

“εἴρω (A)”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Etymology 2

From Proto-Hellenic *wéřřō, from Proto-Indo-European *wéryeti, ye-present from the root *werh₁- (“to speak”).

Cognates include Sanskrit व्रत (vrata), Avestan 𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬀‎ (urvāta), Latin verbum, Old Armenian յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem) and Old English word (English word).

Verb

εἴρω • (eírō) first-singular present indicative

to say, speak, tell

Usage notes

ἐρέω (eréō) and εἴρηκᾰ (eírēka) serve as future and perfect to λέγω (légō) (suppletion).

Inflection

Lua error: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

Future: ἐρέω, ἐρέομαι, εἰρήσομαι (Uncontracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἐρέω	ἐρέεις	ἐρέει	ἐρέετον	ἐρέετον	ἐρέομεν	ἐρέετε	ἐρέουσῐ(ν)
active	optative	ἐρέοιμῐ	ἐρέοις	ἐρέοι	ἐρέοιτον	ἐρεοίτην	ἐρέοιμεν	ἐρέοιτε	ἐρέοιεν
middle	indicative	ἐρέομαι	ἐρέῃ, ἐρέει	ἐρέεται	ἐρέεσθον	ἐρέεσθον	ἐρεόμεθᾰ	ἐρέεσθε	ἐρέονται
middle	optative	ἐρεοίμην	ἐρέοιο	ἐρέοιτο	ἐρέοισθον	ἐρεοίσθην	ἐρεοίμεθᾰ	ἐρέοισθε	ἐρέοιντο
passive	indicative	εἰρήσομαι	εἰρήσῃ	εἰρήσεται	εἰρήσεσθον	εἰρήσεσθον	εἰρησόμεθᾰ	εἰρήσεσθε	εἰρήσονται
passive	optative	εἰρησοίμην	εἰρήσοιο	εἰρήσοιτο	εἰρήσοισθον	εἰρησοίσθην	εἰρησοίμεθᾰ	εἰρήσοισθε	εἰρήσοιντο
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ἐρέειν			ἐρέεσθαι		εἰρήσεσθαι
participle	m	ἐρέων			ἐρεόμενος		εἰρησόμενος
	f	ἐρέουσᾰ			ἐρεομένη		εἰρησομένη
	n	ἐρέον			ἐρεόμενον		εἰρησόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Future: ἐρῶ, ἐροῦμαι, εἰρήσομαι (Contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἐρῶ	ἐρεῖς	ἐρεῖ	ἐρεῖτον	ἐρεῖτον	ἐροῦμεν	ἐρεῖτε	ἐροῦσῐ(ν)
active	optative	ἐροίην, ἐροῖμῐ	ἐροίης, ἐροῖς	ἐροίη, ἐροῖ	ἐροῖτον, ἐροίητον	ἐροίτην, ἐροιήτην	ἐροῖμεν, ἐροίημεν	ἐροῖτε, ἐροίητε	ἐροῖεν, ἐροίησᾰν
middle	indicative	ἐροῦμαι	ἐρῇ	ἐρεῖται	ἐρεῖσθον	ἐρεῖσθον	ἐρούμεθᾰ	ἐρεῖσθε	ἐροῦνται
middle	optative	ἐροίμην	ἐροῖο	ἐροῖτο	ἐροῖσθον	ἐροίσθην	ἐροίμεθᾰ	ἐροῖσθε	ἐροῖντο
passive	indicative	εἰρήσομαι	εἰρήσῃ	εἰρήσεται	εἰρήσεσθον	εἰρήσεσθον	εἰρησόμεθᾰ	εἰρήσεσθε	εἰρήσονται
passive	optative	εἰρησοίμην	εἰρήσοιο	εἰρήσοιτο	εἰρήσοισθον	εἰρησοίσθην	εἰρησοίμεθᾰ	εἰρήσοισθε	εἰρήσοιντο
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ἐρεῖν			ἐρεῖσθαι		εἰρήσεσθαι
participle	m	ἐρῶν			ἐρούμενος		εἰρησόμενος
	f	ἐροῦσᾰ			ἐρουμένη		εἰρησομένη
	n	ἐροῦν			ἐρούμενον		εἰρησόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Future: ῥηθήσομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
passive	indicative	ῥηθήσομαι	ῥηθήσῃ	ῥηθήσεται	ῥηθήσεσθον	ῥηθήσεσθον	ῥηθησόμεθᾰ	ῥηθήσεσθε	ῥηθήσονται
passive	optative	ῥηθησοίμην	ῥηθήσοιο	ῥηθήσοιτο	ῥηθήσοισθον	ῥηθησοίσθην	ῥηθησοίμεθᾰ	ῥηθήσοισθε	ῥηθήσοιντο
							passive
infinitive							ῥηθήσεσθαι
participle	m						ῥηθησόμενος
	f						ῥηθησομένη
	n						ῥηθησόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: ἐρρήθην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
passive	indicative	ἐρρήθην	ἐρρήθης	ἐρρήθη	ἐρρήθητον	ἐρρηθήτην	ἐρρήθημεν	ἐρρήθητε	ἐρρήθησᾰν
	subjunctive	ῥηθῶ	ῥηθῇς	ῥηθῇ	ῥηθῆτον	ῥηθῆτον	ῥηθῶμεν	ῥηθῆτε	ῥηθῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῥηθείην	ῥηθείης	ῥηθείη	ῥηθεῖτον, ῥηθείητον	ῥηθείτην, ῥηθειήτην	ῥηθεῖμεν, ῥηθείημεν	ῥηθεῖτε, ῥηθείητε	ῥηθεῖεν, ῥηθείησᾰν
	imperative		ῥήθητῐ	ῥηθήτω	ῥήθητον	ῥηθήτων		ῥήθητε	ῥηθέντων
							passive
infinitive							ῥηθῆναι
participle	m						ῥηθείς
	f						ῥηθεῖσᾰ
	n						ῥηθέν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: ἐρρέθην (Koine)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
passive	indicative	ἐρρέθην	ἐρρέθης	ἐρρέθη	ἐρρέθητον	ἐρρεθήτην	ἐρρέθημεν	ἐρρέθητε	ἐρρέθησᾰν
	subjunctive	ῥεθῶ	ῥεθῇς	ῥεθῇ	ῥεθῆτον	ῥεθῆτον	ῥεθῶμεν	ῥεθῆτε	ῥεθῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῥεθείην	ῥεθείης	ῥεθείη	ῥεθεῖτον, ῥεθείητον	ῥεθείτην, ῥεθειήτην	ῥεθεῖμεν, ῥεθείημεν	ῥεθεῖτε, ῥεθείητε	ῥεθεῖεν, ῥεθείησᾰν
	imperative		ῥέθητῐ	ῥεθήτω	ῥέθητον	ῥεθήτων		ῥέθητε	ῥεθέντων
							passive
infinitive							ῥεθῆναι
participle	m						ῥεθείς
	f						ῥεθεῖσᾰ
	n						ῥεθέν

Perfect: εἴρηκᾰ, εἴρημαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	εἴρηκᾰ	εἴρηκᾰς	εἴρηκε(ν)	εἰρήκᾰτον	εἰρήκᾰτον	εἰρήκᾰμεν	εἰρήκᾰτε	εἰρήκᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	εἰρήκω	εἰρήκῃς	εἰρήκῃ	εἰρήκητον	εἰρήκητον	εἰρήκωμεν	εἰρήκητε	εἰρήκωσῐ(ν)
	optative	εἰρήκοιμῐ, εἰρηκοίην	εἰρήκοις, εἰρηκοίης	εἰρήκοι, εἰρηκοίη	εἰρήκοιτον	εἰρηκοίτην	εἰρήκοιμεν	εἰρήκοιτε	εἰρήκοιεν
	imperative		εἴρηκε	εἰρηκέτω	εἰρήκετον	εἰρηκέτων		εἰρήκετε	εἰρηκόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	εἴρημαι	εἴρησαι	εἴρηται	εἴρησθον	εἴρησθον	εἰρήμεθᾰ	εἴρησθε	εἴρηνται
	subjunctive	εἰρημένος ὦ	εἰρημένος ᾖς	εἰρημένος ᾖ	εἰρημένω ἦτον	εἰρημένω ἦτον	εἰρημένοι ὦμεν	εἰρημένοι ἦτε	εἰρημένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	εἰρημένος εἴην	εἰρημένος εἴης	εἰρημένος εἴη	εἰρημένω εἴητον/εἶτον	εἰρημένω εἰήτην/εἴτην	εἰρημένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν	εἰρημένοι εἴητε/εἶτε	εἰρημένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν
	imperative		εἴρησο	εἰρήσθω	εἴρησθον	εἰρήσθων		εἴρησθε	εἰρήσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		εἰρηκέναι				εἰρῆσθαι
participle	m	εἰρηκώς				εἰρημένος
	f	εἰρηκυῖᾰ				εἰρημένη
	n	εἰρηκός				εἰρημένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Pluperfect: εἰρήκειν, εἰρήμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	εἰρήκειν, εἰρήκη	εἰρήκεις, εἰρήκης	εἰρήκει(ν)	εἰρήκετον	εἰρηκέτην	εἰρήκεμεν	εἰρήκετε	εἰρήκεσᾰν
middle/ passive	indicative	εἰρήμην	εἴρησο	εἴρητο	εἴρησθον	εἰρήσθην	εἰρήμεθᾰ	εἴρησθε	εἴρηντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Synonyms

(say, speak): ἀγορεύω (agoreúō), εἶπον (eîpon), λέγω (légō), φημί (phēmí)

Derived terms

ἄρρητος (árrhētos)
εἴρη (eírē)
εἴρων (eírōn) (possibly)
ῥῆμα (rhêma)
ῥῆσις (rhêsis)
ῥητήρ (rhētḗr)
ῥητός (rhētós)
ῥήτρα (rhḗtra)
ῥήτωρ (rhḗtōr)

References

“εἴρω (B)”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ἐρῶ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“εἴρω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“εἴρω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
εἴρω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
εἴρω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
εἴρω in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
“εἴρω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter

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