गोधूम

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• (Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /ɡoː.d̪ʱuːm/, [ɡoː.d̪ʱũːm]

गोधूम • (godhūm) m (rare, formal)

1. wheat

   Synonym: (more common) गेहूँ (gehū̃)

2. orange

   Synonyms: संतरा (santrā), नारंगी (nāraṅgī)

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• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “गोधूम”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
• Platts, John T. (1884), “गोधूम”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gandʰúHmas ~ *gantúHmas, possibly ultimately from a Middle Eastern wanderwort (compare Proto-Semitic *ḥnṭ, whence Arabic حِنْطَة‎ (ḥinṭa, “spelt, wheat”)). Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀‎ (gaṇtuma), 𐬔𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀‎ (gantuma), Middle Persian gnwm (gannum).

Later reanalyzed as a native formation, गो (go, “earth”) +‎ धूम (dhūma, “smoke”).

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɡɐw.dʱúː.mɐ/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ɡoːˈd̪ʱuː.mɐ/

गोधूम • (godhū́ma) stem, m

1. wheat
   • c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.7.4:

     व्री॒हय॑श्च मे॒ यवाश्च मे॒ माषाश्च मे॒ तिलाश्च मे मु॒द्गाश्च॑ मे ख॒ल्वाश्च मे गो॒धूमाश्च मे म॒सुराश्च मे प्रि॒यङ्ग॑वश्च॒ मेऽण॑वश्च मे श्या॒माकाश्च मे नी॒वाराश्च मे ॥

     vrīhayaśca me yavāśca me māṣāśca me tilāśca me mudgāśca me khalvāśca me godhūmāśca me masurāśca me priyaṅgavaśca meʼṇavaśca me śyāmākāśca me nīvārāśca me .

     And to me may rice, barley, beans, sesame, kidney beans, vetches, wheat, lentils, Millet, Panicum miliaceum, Panicum frumentaceum, and wild rice [be granted].

2. the orange tree
3. name of a medicinal plant

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• Dardic:
  • Kalasha: gúum
• Pali: gōdhūma
• Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
  • Central:
    • Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
      • Awadhi: गेहूँ (gehū̃)
    • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
      • Romani: giv, gišu, gēsū, gēsūwi, giv
        • Lomavren: gihu, giu
    • Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
      • Hindustani:

        Hindi: गोहूँ (gohū̃), गेहूँ (gehū̃), गहूँ (gahū̃)

        Urdu: گوہُوں‎ (gohū̃), گیہُوں‎ (gehū̃), گَہُوں‎ (gahū̃)

  • Eastern:
    • Magadhi Prakrit:
      • Assamese: ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গম (gom), গোম (güm), ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গোমধান (gümodhan)
      • Bengali: গম (gom), গোম (gōm), গম (gom)
        • → Burmese: ဂျုံ (gyum)
      • Bihari: गोहुँ (gohũ), गहुम (gahum)
        • Bhojpuri: गोहूँ (gōhū̃)
        • Maithili: गोहुम (gōhum), गहूम (gahūm)
      • Odia: ଗହୁଁ (gôhũ), ଗହମ (gôhômô)
  • Northern:
    • Khasa Prakrit:
      • Central Pahari:
        • Garhwali: गेवुँ (gevũ)
        • Kumaoni: ग्यूँ (gyū̃)
      • Eastern Pahari:
        • Nepali: गहुँ (gahũ), गउँ (ga͠u)
      • Western Pahari:
        • Bhadrawahi: गहूं (gahū̃), गेउं (geũ)
        • Pangwali: गिऊंह (giū̃h)
  • Northwestern:
    • Paisaci Prakrit:
      • Vracada Apabhramsa:
        • Sindhi: गेहूं／گيهُون‎ (g̠ehū̃)
          • Jadgali: [script needed] (gī̃ū̃)
  • Southern:
    • Helu Prakrit:
      • Dhivehi: ގޮދަން‎ (godan̊)
      • Sinhalese: ගොයම (goyama)
    • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
      • Konkani: gãv

        Devanagari script: गंव

        Kannada script: ಗಂವ್

        Latin script: gonv

      • Marathi: गहू (gahū)
  • Western:
    • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
      • Gurjar Apabhramsa:
        • Gujarati: ઘઉં (ghaũ), ઘઉં (ghaũ)

Borrowed terms

• → Kannada: ಗೋಧಿ (gōdhi)
• → Malayalam: ഗോതമ്പ് (gōtampŭ)
• → Tamil: கோதுமை (kōtumai)
• → Telugu: గోధుమ (gōdhuma)
• Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

• Monier Williams (1899), “गोधूम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 365, column 1.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 498-9
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “godhū́ma”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press