ἰσχυρός

See also: ισχυρός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From ῐ̓σχ(ῡ́ς) (iskh(ū́s), “strength, power”) +‎ -υρός (-urós).[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /is.kʰyː.rós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /is.kʰyˈros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /is.çyˈros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /is.çyˈros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /is.çiˈros/

Adjective

ἰσχῡρός • (iskhūrós) m (feminine ἰσχῡρᾱ́, neuter ἰσχῡρόν); first/second declension

strong, mighty
- 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 945
- 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 290
- 620 BCE – 500 BCE, Alcaeus of Mytilene, Collected Works 15.4
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.12
- 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 310
- 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Joints 50
- 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 7.6.1
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.1.30
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.9
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.6.11
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.76
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hipparchicus 8.24
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.111
- 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 66
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.6
- 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, Men at Arbitration 130
Antonym: ἀσθενής (asthenḗs)
1. mighty, powerful
  - 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 302
  - 423 BCE, Euripides, The Suppliants 447
  - 388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 946
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.136
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of the Athenians 1.14
  - 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 3:11
2. forcible, obstinate, stiff, stubborn, inveterate, excessive
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.94
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.29
  - 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of Luke 15:14
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.74
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.205
  - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 11
  - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Choreutes 25
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.49
  - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 388E
  - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 560B
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.102
  - 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Alcibiades 2 9
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 233C
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.41
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.23
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.201
(as an adverb) strongly, with all force
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.69
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.3.11
1. very much, exceedingly
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.108
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.183
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.7.15
  - 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Prognostics 11
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 503B.9
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.3.44
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.3.15
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.129
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.12
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 1.15

Declension

Lua error: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

References

Babiniotis, Georgios (2010), “ἰσχυρός”, in Etymologikó lexikó tis néas ellinikís glóssas [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek] (in Greek), Athens: Lexicology Centre

“ἰσχυρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ἰσχυρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
ἰσχυρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
G2478 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- acute idem, page 10.
- authoritative idem, page 53.
- decided idem, page 200.
- desperate idem, page 217.
- determined idem, page 219.
- drastic idem, page 250.
- emphatic idem, page 269.
- forcible idem, page 335.
- grim idem, page 373.
- hard idem, page 385.
- hard-fought idem, page 385.
- hardy idem, page 386.
- hotly idem, page 408.
- imperative idem, page 420.
- incisive idem, page 428.
- intense idem, page 449.
- inveterate idem, page 457.
- lusty idem, page 505.
- mighty idem, page 528.
- nervous idem, page 556.
- obstinate idem, page 567.
- peremptory idem, page 607.
- positive idem, page 628.
- potent idem, page 629.
- powerful idem, page 630.
- resolute idem, page 702.
- rigid idem, page 715.
- rooted idem, page 721.
- severe idem, page 759.
- sound idem, page 796.
- stable idem, page 808.
- stolid idem, page 819.
- stout idem, page 821.
- strenuous idem, page 825.
- stringent idem, page 826.
- strong idem, page 827.
- strong-minded idem, page 827.
- stubborn idem, page 828.
- sturdy idem, page 830.
- trenchant idem, page 893.
- unabated idem, page 905.
- uncompromising idem, page 910.
- vigorous idem, page 952.
- violent idem, page 953.
- virulent idem, page 954.
- warm idem, page 964.

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[1] Babiniotis, Georgios (2010), “ἰσχυρός”, in Etymologikó lexikó tis néas ellinikís glóssas [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek] (in Greek), Athens: Lexicology Centre