辛うじて

Japanese

Kanji in this term
辛
かろ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Etymology

Shift from 辛くして (karaku shite, literally, “doing with difficulty”),[1][2][3][4][5] from 辛く (karaku, 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “adverbial form”) of adjective 辛い (karai)) +‎ して (shite, -te conjunctive form of verb する (suru)).

/karaku/ → /karau/ → /karoː/

辛く (karaku) shifted to かろう (karō) in a process called ウ音便 (u-onbin). Compare ありがとう (arigatō) from ありがたく (arigataku) and おはよう (ohayō) from おはやく (o-hayaku).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かろーじて [kàróójíté] (Heiban – [0])[2][6]
(Tokyo) かろーじて [kàróꜜòjìtè] (Nakadaka – [2])[2][6][5]
(Tokyo) かろーじて [kàróójíꜜtè] (Nakadaka – [4])[5]
(Tokyo) かろーじて [kàróójítéꜜ] (Odaka – [5])[5]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ɾo̞ːʑite̞]

Adverb

辛(かろ)うじて • (karōjite) ^{←からうじて (karauzite)^?}

barely, narrowly, by a narrow margin, just enough

References

1998, 広辞苑 (Kōjien), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

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[Kojien-1] 1998, 広辞苑 (Kōjien), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJS-3] 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[KDJ-4] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[SMK5-5] 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-6] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN