< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂ep-[1][2]

  1. water, body of water

Alternative reconstructions

Usage notes
  • A root with nominal function only.
  • Unlike its neuter synonym *wódr̥, Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value) is always gendered in descendants. This may reflect the same animate–inanimate (or semantically active–passive) distinction in early PIE that is often supposed for the nouns meaning “fire”, such as *h₁n̥gʷnís m and *péh₂wr̥ n respectively.

Synonyms

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ep- (water)‎ (28 c, 0 e)
  • *h₂ṓp-s ~ *h₂ép-s f (root noun)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ps (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *āp (“water, river”)[3]
      • Tocharian A: āp
      • Tocharian B: āp
  • *h₂ép-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés
    • Proto-Anatolian: [Term?] (“river”)[4]
      • Hittite: 𒄩𒉺𒀸 (ḫa-pa-aš, “river”, nom.sg.)
      • Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒉿 (ha-a-pi /⁠hāpi-, hāpa-⁠/), 𒄩𒀀𒉿𒅔𒉌 (ha-a-pi-in-ni /⁠hāpinna, hāpinni, habinni⁠/)
      • Lycian: 𐊜𐊂𐊀 (χba), 𐊜𐊂𐊀𐊆 (χbai, “to irrigate”)
      • Palaic: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-a-ap-na-aš /⁠hāpna-⁠/)
    • Proto-Celtic: *abū (“river”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *apô (“water sprite” → “ape, monkey”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *h₂ph₃n-éh₂
      • Proto-Albanian: *abnā
        • Albanian: amë (“spring, source of spring”)
    • ⇒ *h₂ph₃n-í-s
      • Italic:
      • Lusitanian: abnis
  • *h₂ep-sru-
  • *h₂ēp-eh₂
Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: upe (“brook, river”)
    • Lithuanian: ùpė (“brook, river”)
    • Old Prussian: ape (< *apiā̃)
    • Old Prussian: apus (“spring”)
    • Proto-Slavic:

References
  1. Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₂ep-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 311–317
  2. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “water”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 636: “*h₂ēp- ~ *h₂ep-”
  3. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “āp”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 46–47
  4. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ḫapa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 294–295
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “amnis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39

Root

*h₂ep-[1]

  1. to join, attach, fasten, fit
  2. ? to grab, snatch, get

Alternative reconstructions
  • *(s)h₂ep-

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ep- (join)‎ (1 c, 0 e)
  • *h₂ép-ti (athematic root present)
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒍣 (ḫa-ap-zi /⁠ḫaptsi⁠/, “to join, attach”) (stem ḫapp-)[2]
  • *h₂ép-e-ti (thematic root present)
    • Proto-Italic: *apō
  • *h₂p-i-?
  • *h₂op-éye-ti (“to make reach; to give”, causative)
    • >? Proto-Albanian: *apa (“to give”)[note 1] (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāpáyati[note 1]
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāpáyati
      • Proto-Iranian: *Hāpáyati
        • Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (apaiieiti)
  • *h₂ep-t- (progressive present)
  • *h₂(é)p-ye-ti (ye-present)
    • Proto-Italic: *apjō
  • *h₂ép-mn̥
  • >? *h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os (“joint; limb, member”, s-stem),[4][5] *h₂ép-s-os?
    • Proto-Anatolian:[2]
      • ⇒ Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬 (ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar /⁠ḫappeššar⁠/, “limb, joint, part of the body”)
      • Luwian: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭 (ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša, “limb, member”)
    • Proto-Armenian:[6]
      • >? Old Armenian: ափ (apʿ, “palm (of the hand); handful”)
        • Armenian: ափ (apʿ)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ápsos[3]
      • Ancient Greek: ἄψος (ápsos), ἅψος (hápsos, “joint; (pl.) limbs”)[note 2] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápsas (“protruding part of the body”)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápsas
        • Sanskrit: अप्सस् (apsas, “front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk”)
      • Proto-Iranian: *Hápsas
        • Ossetian: ӕфцӕг (æfcæg, “protruding part, neck”)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian A: āpsā (“minor limbs”)
  • *h₂(e)p-tó-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *aptós
    • Proto-Italic: *aptos
      • Latin: aptus (“connected, fitting, fit, suitable”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Armenian:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈‎ (āfənte)
    • Proto-Italic: *apeks?
      • >? Latin: apex (see there for further descendants)

Notes
  1. Alternatively from *h₁ep-; compare Hittite 𒂊𒅁𒍣 (e-ep-zi /⁠ʔéptsi⁠/, “seizes”), 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pa-a-i /⁠pāi⁠/, “gives, hands over, pays”), and Latin co-epī (“I have started, undertaken”). Sense 2 of *h₂ep- is thus disputed.
  2. Initial h and root-final ph may both be analogical.

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂ep-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 269
  2. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ḫapp-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 293-294
  3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἅπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
  4. Clackson, James (1994) The linguistic relationship between Armenian and Greek (Publications of the Philological Society; 30), Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell, page 98ff
  5. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 180: “*h₂épes-”
  6. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 157–158
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