< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wardah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Cognate with Sanskrit वर्ध (várdha, “increasing”), Sanskrit वृध् (vṛ́dh, “growth”).

Noun

*wardah m[1][2][3][4][5]

  1. flower, rose
  2. shrub

Inflection
masculine a-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *úštrah *úštrā *úštrā
vocative *úštra *úštrā *úštrā
accusative *úštram *úštrā *úštrānh
instrumental *úštrā *úštraybyaH *úštrāyš
ablative *úštrāt *úštraybyaH *úštraybyah
dative *úštrāy *úštraybyaH *úštraybyah
genitive *úštrahya *úštrayāh *úštrānam
locative *úštray *úštrayaw *úštrayšu

Alternative reconstructions

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀‎ (varəδa, “rose, shrub”)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian: *wardi
      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *wardi
        • Khotanese: [script needed] (vala, “rose”)
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Khwarezmian: [script needed] pl (wrδc, “flower”)
      • Sogdian: (/⁠ward⁠/, “rose”)
        Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫡𐫔𐫎𐫏𐫏‎ pl (wrδṯyy)
        Sogdian script: 𐼴𐽀𐼹‎ (wrδ)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Pashto: *wāray
      • ⇒ Pashto: پلواری‎ (palwāray, “tea rose”), پلواړی‎ (palwāṛay)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *wurdīgæ
      • Proto-Munji-Yidgha: [Term?] (“shrub”)
        • Munji: [script needed] (wulīɣa)
        • Yidgha: [script needed] (wulyeɣo)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Central Kurdish: گوڵ‎ (gull, “flower”)
    • Medo-Parthian:
      • Middle Median: *wāl
        • Semnani: [script needed] (väl), [script needed] (välä)
        • Tati: [Term?] (vel)
      • Parthian: 𐫇𐫀𐫡‎ (wʾr /⁠wār⁠/, “flower”)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: *vr̥dah
      • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwl), [Book Pahlavi needed] (WLTʾ /⁠gul⁠/)
        • Classical Persian: گل‎ (ɡul)
          • Dari: گل‎ (gul)
          • Iranian Persian: گل‎ (gol) (see there for further descendants)
          • Tajik: гул (gul)
          • → Gilaki: گل‎ (gul)
          • → Ishkashimi: gul
          • → Northern Kurdish: gul
          • → Parachi: ګل (gul)
          • → Pashto: ګل‎ (gul)
          • → Sanglechi: gɛl
          • → Shahmirzadi: [script needed] (gel)
          • → Wakhi: gul, gыl
          • → Yazghulami: г̊ол (g̊ol)
          • → Yidgha: گل‎ (gul)
      • → Aramaic:
        Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡀𐡓𐡃𐡀‎ (wardā, wurdā)
        Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: ורדא‎ (wardā, wurdā)
      • → Old Armenian: վարդ (vard)
      • → Ancient Greek: ῥόδον (rhódon), βρόδον (bródon); ϝρόδον (wródon)
        • Greek: ρόδο (ródo)
        • ⇒ New Latin: rhodium (see there for further descendants)
        • →? Oscan:
          • →? Latin: rosa (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, page 32: “PIr *u̯(a)r̥da-”
  2. Gharib, B. (1995), “wrδ¹”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 411: “*warda”
  3. Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 180: “u̯arda-, *u̯r̥da-”
  4. Bailey, H. W. (1979), “vala”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 378: “*varda-”
  5. Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎ (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 1369
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