The Bitcoin Core Wallet tracks addresses associated with its own keys. listunspent is a wallet RPC that refers to the wallet data only.
Beyond the wallet's tracking of its own data, Bitcoin Core does not have functionality to keep an address index regardless of whether txindex is used or not. I surmise that address tracking was never prioritized by a Bitcoin Core contributor (or even pushed back upon by others) due to the intended single-use nature of addresses.
If you want to keep track of UTXOs per address you may want to look into blockchain explorer projects such as esplora or mempool.space.