| Open-mid central rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɞ | |||
| IPA Number | 395 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
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source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɞ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+025E | ||
| X-SAMPA | 3\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The open-mid central rounded vowel, or low-mid central rounded vowel,[1] is a vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɞ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 3\. The symbol is called closed reversed epsilon. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ɔ̈⟩.
IPA charts were first published with this vowel transcribed as a closed epsilon, ⟨ʚ⟩ (that is, a closed variant of ⟨ɛ⟩, much as the high-mid vowel letter ⟨ɵ⟩ is a closed variant of ⟨e⟩), and this variant made its way into Unicode as U+029A ʚ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E. The IPA charts were later changed to the current closed reversed epsilon ⟨ɞ⟩, and this was adopted into Unicode as U+025E ɞ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E.
Features
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[2] | lug | [lɞχ] | 'air' | Also been described as mid [ɞ̝], typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. Many speakers merge /œ/ with /ə/, even in formal speech.[3] See Afrikaans phonology |
| English | Irish[4] | but | [bɞθ̠] | 'but' | Corresponds to [ʌ] in other varieties. See English phonology |
| New Zealand[5] | not | [nɞʔt] | 'not' | Possible realization of /ɒ/.[5] See New Zealand English phonology | |
| Faroese[6] | høgur | [ˈhɞːʋʊɹ] | 'high' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩. See Faroese phonology | |
| French | Parisian[7] | port | ⓘ | 'port', 'harbour' | Described variously as an allophone of /ɔ/ before /ʁ/[8] and as the default allophone of /ɔ/.[7] See French phonology |
| German | Chemnitz dialect[9] | Wonne | [ˈv̞ɞnə] | 'bliss' | May be transcribed as ⟨ɞ̝⟩ though ⟨ɞ⟩ is typically used.[9] |
| Irish | tomhail | [tɞːlʲ] | 'consume' (imp.) | See Irish phonology | |
| Kashubian | ptôch | [ptɞx] | 'bird' | ||
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[10] | lui | [lɞː] | 'lazy' | Allophone of /œy/ in words with Accent 2. May be slightly diphthongal [ɞɵ] itself. It contrasts with the near-open [ɐ̹ː] in words with Accent 2 ([ɐ̹ː] itself is always toneless).[11] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨œː⟩, as it is a phonological front vowel. |
| Mwerlap[12] | N̄wërlap | [ŋʷɞrˈlap] | 'Merelava' | ||
| Navajo[13] | tsosts’id | [tsʰɞstsˈɪt] | 'seven' | See Navajo phonology | |
| Northern Tiwa | Taos dialect | ącut'uonbo | [ʔãˌtʃʊt̚ːˈʔuɞnbɑ] | 'his-garment-around' | Allophone of /ɑ/. See Taos phonology |
| Panará[14] | [kɾə'kɞ] | 'trousers' | Contrasts with [ə].[15] | ||
| Poitevin | o doune | [ɞ dun] | 'he gives' | ||
| West Frisian | Southwestern dialects[16] | boare | [ˈbɞːrə] | 'tomcat' | Corresponds to [wa] in other dialects.[16] See West Frisian phonology |
Notes
- ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ↑ Wissing (2012), p. 711.
- ↑ Wissing (2016), section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
- ↑ Wells (1982), p. 422.
- 1 2 Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ↑ Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- 1 2 Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 159, 161–162.
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 159, 161–162, 164.
- ↑ François (2005: 445, 460).
- ↑ McDonough, Ladefoged & George (1993). The authors gave a narrow transcription of [ɵ], though at the time the IPA had only this one symbol for a mid central rounded vowel, and it is clear from the discussion and formant charts that this vowel a centralized open-mid vowel.
- ↑ Vasconcelos (2013), pp. 182, 183.
- ↑ Vasconcelos (2013), p. 182.
- 1 2 Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)
References
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199229314
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages" (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034, S2CID 131668754
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
- Hoekstra, Jarich (2003), "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay" (PDF), Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present, vol. 18, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 193–209, ISBN 978-90-272-1856-8
- Hof, Jan Jelles (1933), Friesche Dialectgeographie (PDF), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-07
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013). "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (2): 231–241. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145.
- McDonough, Joyce; Ladefoged, Peter; George, Helen (1993), "Navajo Vowels and Phonetic Universal Tendencies", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages, 84: 143–150
- Peterson, Hjalmar P. (2000), "Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum", Málting, 28: 37–43
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. II: The British Isles, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
- Wissing, Daan (2012), "Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk", LitNet Akademies (in Afrikaans), Stellenbosch: LitNet, 9 (2): 701–743, ISSN 1995-5928, archived from the original on 15 April 2017, retrieved 16 April 2017
- Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
- Vasconcelos, Eduardo A. (2013). Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará (PhD). Campinas: University of Campinas. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2013.929939. hdl:20.500.12733/1622968.
External links
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