गुरु
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit गुरु (guru), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us.
Pronunciation
- (Delhi Hindi) IPA(key): /ɡʊ.ɾuː/
Derived terms
- गुरुत्व (gurutva)
Noun
गुरु • (guru) m (Urdu spelling گرو)
Nepali
Declension
| Declension of गुरु | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||
| nominative | गुरु [ɡuɾu] | गुरुहरू [ɡuɾuʌɾu] | |
| accusative | गुरुलाई [ɡuɾuläi] | गुरुहरूलाई [ɡuɾuʌɾuläi] | |
| instrumental/ergative | गुरुले [ɡuɾule] | गुरुहरूले [ɡuɾuʌɾule] | |
| dative | गुरुलाई [ɡuɾuläi] | गुरुहरूलाई [ɡuɾuʌɾuläi] | |
| ablative | गुरुबाट [ɡuɾubäʈʌ] | गुरुहरूबाट [ɡuɾuʌɾubäʈʌ] | |
| genitive | गुरुको [ɡuɾuko] | गुरुहरूको [ɡuɾuʌɾuko] | |
| locative | गुरुमा [ɡuɾumä] | गुरुहरूमा [ɡuɾuʌɾumä] | |
Notes:
| |||
References
- “गुरु”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
- Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993), “गुरु”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar
Pali
Alternative forms
Declension
Declension table of "गुरु" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | गुरु (guru) | गुरवो (guravo) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Accusative (second) | गुरुं (guruṃ) | गुरवो (guravo) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Instrumental (third) | गुरुना (gurunā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | गुरुस्मा (gurusmā) or गुरुम्हा (gurumhā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | गुरुस्मिं (gurusmiṃ) or गुरुम्हि (gurumhi) | गुरूसु (gurūsu) |
| Vocative (calling) | गुरु (guru) | गुरवे (gurave) or गुरवो (guravo) |
Declension table of "गुरुनी" (feminine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | गुरुनी (gurunī) | गुरुनियो (guruniyo) or गुरुनी (gurunī) |
| Accusative (second) | गुरुनिं (guruniṃ) or गुरुनियं (guruniyaṃ) | गुरुनियो (guruniyo) or गुरुनी (gurunī) |
| Instrumental (third) | गुरुनिया (guruniyā) | गुरुनीहि (gurunīhi) or गुरुनीभि (gurunībhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | गुरुनिया (guruniyā) | गुरुनीनं (gurunīnaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | गुरुनिया (guruniyā) | गुरुनीहि (gurunīhi) or गुरुनीभि (gurunībhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | गुरुनिया (guruniyā) | गुरुनीनं (gurunīnaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | गुरुनिया (guruniyā) or गुरुनियं (guruniyaṃ) | गुरुनीसु (gurunīsu) |
| Vocative (calling) | गुरुनि (guruni) | गुरुनियो (guruniyo) or गुरुनी (gurunī) |
Declension table of "गुरु" (neuter)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | गुरु (guru) | गुरूनि (gurūni) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Accusative (second) | गुरुं (guruṃ) | गुरूनि (gurūni) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Instrumental (third) | गुरुना (gurunā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | गुरुस्मा (gurusmā) or गुरुम्हा (gurumhā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | गुरुस्मिं (gurusmiṃ) or गुरुम्हि (gurumhi) | गुरूसु (gurūsu) |
| Vocative (calling) | गुरु (guru) | गुरूनि (gurūni) or गुरू (gurū) |
Declension
Declension table of "गुरु" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | गुरु (guru) | गुरवो (guravo) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Accusative (second) | गुरुं (guruṃ) | गुरवो (guravo) or गुरू (gurū) |
| Instrumental (third) | गुरुना (gurunā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | गुरुस्मा (gurusmā) or गुरुम्हा (gurumhā) | गुरूहि (gurūhi) or गुरूभि (gurūbhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | गुरुस्स (gurussa) or गुरुनो (guruno) | गुरूनं (gurūnaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | गुरुस्मिं (gurusmiṃ) or गुरुम्हि (gurumhi) | गुरूसु (gurūsu) |
| Vocative (calling) | गुरु (guru) | गुरवे (gurave) or गुरवो (guravo) |
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- গুৰু (Assamese script)
- ᬕᬸᬭᬸ (Balinese script)
- গুরু (Bengali script)
- 𑰐𑰲𑰨𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀕𑀼𑀭𑀼 (Brahmi script)
- ဂုရု (Burmese script)
- ગુરુ (Gujarati script)
- ਗੁਰੁ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌗𑍁𑌰𑍁 (Grantha script)
- ꦒꦸꦫꦸ (Javanese script)
- 𑂏𑂳𑂩𑂳 (Kaithi script)
- ಗುರು (Kannada script)
- គុរុ (Khmer script)
- ຄຸຣຸ (Lao script)
- ഗുരു (Malayalam script)
- ᡤᡠᡵᡠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘐𑘳𑘨𑘳 (Modi script)
- ᠺᠤᠷᠤ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦰𑧔𑧈𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐐𑐸𑐬𑐸 (Newa script)
- ଗୁରୁ (Odia script)
- ꢔꢸꢬꢸ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆓𑆶𑆫𑆶 (Sharada script)
- 𑖐𑖲𑖨𑗜 (Siddham script)
- ගුරු (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩞𑩒𑩼𑩒 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚌𑚰𑚤𑚰 (Takri script)
- கு³ரு (Tamil script)
- గురు (Telugu script)
- คุรุ (Thai script)
- གུ་རུ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒑𑒳𑒩𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨍𑨃𑨫𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *gr̥Húṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂ús (“heavy”). Cognate with Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 (kaurus, “burdensome”), Latin gravis, Persian گران (gerân).
Adjective
गुरु • (gurú)
- heavy, weighty
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 4.5.6:
- इदं मे अग्ने कियते पावकामिनते गुरुं भारं न मन्म।
बृहद्दधाथ धृषता गभीरं यह्वं पृष्ठं प्रयसा सप्तधातु॥- idaṃ me agne kiyate pāvakāminate guruṃ bhāraṃ na manma.
bṛhaddadhātha dhṛṣatā gabhīraṃ yahvaṃ pṛṣṭhaṃ prayasā saptadhātu. - To me, weak, innocent, thou, luminous Agni, hast boldly given as ’twere a heavy burthen,
This Pṛṣṭha hymn, profound and strong and mighty, of seven elements, and with offered dainties.
- idaṃ me agne kiyate pāvakāminate guruṃ bhāraṃ na manma.
- इदं मे अग्ने कियते पावकामिनते गुरुं भारं न मन्म।
- heavy in the stomach (food), difficult to digest
- great, large, extended, long
- (in prosody) long by nature or position (a vowel)
- high in degree, vehement, violent, excessive, difficult, hard
- grievous
- important, serious, momentous
- valuable, highly prized
- haughty, proud (speech)
- venerable, respectable
Noun
गुरु • (gurú) stem, m
Declension
| Masculine u-stem declension of गुरु (gurú) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | गुरुः gurúḥ |
गुरू gurū́ |
गुरवः gurávaḥ |
| Vocative | गुरो gúro |
गुरू gúrū |
गुरवः gúravaḥ |
| Accusative | गुरुम् gurúm |
गुरू gurū́ |
गुरून् gurū́n |
| Instrumental | गुरुणा / गुर्वा¹ gurúṇā / gurvā̀¹ |
गुरुभ्याम् gurúbhyām |
गुरुभिः gurúbhiḥ |
| Dative | गुरवे / गुर्वे² guráve / gurvè² |
गुरुभ्याम् gurúbhyām |
गुरुभ्यः gurúbhyaḥ |
| Ablative | गुरोः / गुर्वः² guróḥ / gurvàḥ² |
गुरुभ्याम् gurúbhyām |
गुरुभ्यः gurúbhyaḥ |
| Genitive | गुरोः / गुर्वः² guróḥ / gurvàḥ² |
गुर्वोः gurvóḥ |
गुरूणाम् gurūṇā́m |
| Locative | गुरौ guraú |
गुर्वोः gurvóḥ |
गुरुषु gurúṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Bengali: গুরু (guru)
- → English: guru
- → French: gourou
- → German: Guru
- → Greek: γκουρού (gkouroú)
- → Hindustani:
- → Kannada: ಗುರು (guru)
- → Khmer: គ្រូ (kruu)
- → Lao: ຄູ (khū)
- → Lü: ᦆᦴ (xuu)
- → Malay: guru
- → Malayalam: ഗുരു (guru)
- Marathi: गुरू (gurū)
- Nepali: गह्रुङ्गो (gahruṅgo, “heavy”)
- → Old Javanese: guru
- Pali: guru
- → Polish: guru
- → Portuguese: guru
- → Punjabi:
- → Russian: гуру (guru)
- → Spanish: gurú
- → Tamil: குரு (kuru), குருவன் (kuruvaṉ)
- → Telugu: గురువు (guruvu)
- → Thai: ครู (kruu), คุรุ (kú-rú)
- → Tibetan: གུརུ (guru)
- → Old Turkic: 𐰍𐰆𐰺𐰆 (ɣuru)
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “गुरु”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 359/2.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 490-1
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